حوراء كاظم لعيبي - دعاء كاظم صبار
الحوار المتمدن-العدد: 5223 - 2016 / 7 / 14 - 09:45
المحور:
الطب , والعلوم
انتشار التدخين بين الطلاب الذكور في المعهد التقني في مدينة الناصرية / العراق
اسم الطالبات الكلية/الجامعة
حوراء كاظم لعيبي
دعاء كاظم صبار كلية التمريض/جامعه ذي قار
الملخص البحث
أجريت دراسة وصفية للفترة من 8 ت2 / 2015-5 / ايار / 2016 وذلك لتحديد انتشار التدخين بين طلاب المعهد التقني في مدينة الناصرية / العراق.
تم اختيار عينة عشوائية من 200 طالب وفقا للمواصفات تشمل الطلاب الذكور للاعمار (18-30 سنة وما فوق).
تم جمع البيانات في المعهد التقني في مدينة الناصرية من 8 / ت2 / 2015-12 / ك2 / 2016 باجراء المقابلة واستخدام استمارة الاستبانة التي تم تصميمها لتحتوي على ما يلي (15) فقرة الصفات الشخصية والديموغرافية ومحور انتشار التدخين.
وقد تم تصميم الاستبانة والتي شيدت من قبل الباحث لقياس متغير. مثل بناء كان يعمل من خلال المراجعات الأدبية والدراسات ذات الصلة. الاستبانة تتكون من 2 محور مع 15 البنود:
الجزء الأول: ورقة معلومات ديموغرافية، تألف (5) وحدات و(15) البنود الفرعية التي شملت وحدات (العمر، القسم، الخ..).الجزء الثاني: انتشار التدخين ويتكون من (10) فقرة و(26) فرعية من البنود التي شملت وحدات (هل أنت مدخن، عدد سنوات التدخين, الخ ..).
تم تحليل البيانات من خلال المنهج الوصفي الإحصائي( الفئات، النسبة المئوية و المئوية التراكمية) ونهج البيانات الإحصائية استنتاجي (ألفا معامل الارتباط بيرسون واختبار وإعادة الاختبار).
النتيائج: تبين أن 54.5٪ منهم من القسم الاداري. 77٪ منهم من المرحلة الثانية. دخلهم الشهري كاف (53٪). والغالبية منهم (82.5٪) يعيشون في المناطق الحضرية، و 25٪ من المدخنين المواضيع وعلاقة إيجابية قوية بين عدد السجائر و (الاداري، المرحلة والمكان الطلاب).
الاستنتاجات:
وأظهرت النتائج أن معظم المدخنين من سكان المدن، الأقسام الإدارية وطلاب المرحلة الثانية.
التوصيات:
تنفيذ القرارات الصادرة عن الجهات الرسمية القاضي بمنع التدخين في الجامعات ومراقبة المقاهي وصالات الالعاب من خلال الاغلاق بساعات مبكرة من الليل ومنع مظاهر التدخين فيها بجميع انواعه.
Abstract
A de-script-ive study was conducted for the period from 8 / dec / 2015 to 5 / May / 2016 in order to the prevalence of smoking among male students at the technical institute in the city of Nasiriyah /Iraq .
A purposive sample was selected at random from 200 students in accordance with the specifications of the sample that includes male students age (18-30 years old and above ) .
Data were collected in the technical institute in the city of Nasiriyah from 8/December / 2015 to 12 / January / 2016 by using the interview and use questionnaire form which is designed to contain (15) items include personal and demographic qualities axis and the prevalence of smoking axis.
A questionnaire was designed and constructed by the researcher to measure the variable. such as construction was employed through the review literature and related studies. The questionnaire consisted of 2 axis with 15 items:
Part one: A demographic information sheet, consisted (5)items and (15) sub-items which included items (Age, Section , etc...) .Part two: Prevalence of smoking consists of (10)items and (26) sub-items which included items( Are you a smoker, The number of years of smoking , etc...).
Data were analyzed through de-script-ive statistical approach(frequency, percent and cumulative percent) and inferential statistical data approach (alpha correlation coefficient and test-retest).
The result : shows that 54.5 % of them are administrative department. 77 % of them are second stage. their monthly income sufficient (53%) .The majority of them (82.5%) live in urban areas , 25% of the subjects smokers and strong positive relationship between Number cigarette and (department, stage and residence of students) .
Conclusion:
The results showed that most smokers of the inhabitants of the cities, administrative Sections and second stage students .
Recommendation:
Implementation of decisions issued by the official authorities Judge banning smoking in universities.
Identification search: 1-
1-1 Introduction
Smoking is a major public problem throughout the world. It constitutes the single leading cause of disease and death.(1)
Smoking ,inhalation and exhalation of the fumes of burning tobacco in cigarettes and pipes .Some persons draw the smoke into their lungs other do not. Smoking was probably first practiced by the indigenous peoples of the western hemisphere. Originally used in religious, rituals, and in some instances for medicinal purposes, smoking and the use of tobacco became widespread practice by the late 1500s . Tobacco was introduced into Europe by the explorers of the new world , however , many rulers prohibited its use and penalized offenders. by the end of the 19th cent. Mass production of cigarettes had begun , the smoking of cigarettes became prevalent as the use of cigars and pipes declined. Despite controversy as to the effects of smoking and bans on smoking by certain religious groups, the use of tobacco continued to increase.(2)
Since most smokers start smoking before school graduation´-or-immediately after, students should be considered a primary target for tobacco prevention programs. The university years provide an opportunity for interventions to prevent future premature morbidity and mortality by discouraging initiation´-or-continuation of harmful health related behaviors such as tobacco use. There has been a dramatic increase over the past decade in the numbers of Institute students -age smokers.(3)
Smoking prevention programs have been given high priority in WHO policies. It is of great importance that universities implement in their curricula intervention and awareness programs in order to address this huge public health problem. Despite its decline in developing countries, the rate of smoking in developing countries is still high.(4)
Many developing countries have used preventive campaigns to combat smoking with varying degrees of success. The socio-demographic factors that interact with smoking behavior were studied extensively in those countries that have succeeded in combating smoking. (5)
Among the factors to be considered in a well-designed preventive program are the prevailing social factors and determinants that reinforce and perpetuate this habit in the special environment. A lot of work is needed to define those factors in developing countries and reveal the impact of global communication on those societies with the excessive relentless advertising by the tobacco industries. It should be noted here that social interaction is continuous and as social determinants change with the evolvement of societies new methods of targeting potential customers are employed by the tobacco industry. (6)
The youth form the main target for these companies to ensure that smoking persists in developing countries. when a person begins to smoke before the age of 18 years, he/she is likely to continue into adulthood and quitting become more difficult.( 7)
Several studies report that the prevalence of smoking increases from the first year to the final year among university students, which underlines the fact that the early years at university are important for targeting anti-smoking activities.(8)
Adolescence, is the period when the rapid changes in the biological, emotional, cognitive, and social development influence behavior Although many of the advise health effects of tobacco occur later in life, smoking has health implications for young people.(9)
Is associated with other high-risk behaviors among young people including abuse of other drugs, fighting and high-risk sexual behavior(10).
Each day, nearly 4800 adolescents smoke their first cigarette of these, nearly 2000 will be become regular smokers.(11)
Smoking-related health problems are a -function- of the duration (year of smoking ) and intensity (number of cigarettes/day) most adult smokers began to smoke´-or-were already addicted before the age of 18 years.(12)
There has been a dramatic increase over the past decade in the numbers of college-age smokers. (13)
1-2 :Importance of study:
The objectives of this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of smoking among male students at the Technical Institute in Nasiriyah / Iraq, Compared to previous years.
Students who enter Institute as non-smokers are 40% less likely to begin smoking if they live-in a smoke-free campus.(14)
The world health organization has reported widely differing prevalence of smoking among young people in the Arab countries:7% in the Oman,18% in Kuwait, 23% in Iraq , 25% in Saudi Arabia and Jordan, 31% in Syrian Arab Republic, 43% in Yamen and 53% in Lebanon. However, the trend and pattern of smoking as well as the quitting rate especially among Institute students are largely unknown in many of these countries.(15)
Incidence in iraq:
The number of smokers of cigarettes smoked reached (97) of the total 500 students by 19.4%, in technical education Institute in Nasiriyah / Iraq in2011 year.(16)
1-3:Statement of the problem:
Determine the Prevalence of Smoking among Male Students at the technical institute in the City of Nasiriyah / Iraq.
1-4:Objective of study:
1- To determine the prevalence of smoking among male students at the
technical Institute in the city of Nasiriyah / Iraq.
2- To determine the correlation between the smoking and demographic
characteristic such as (age, department, stage, residence and monthly income)and smoking, and Correlation coefficient between Number cigarette and Smokers years.
1-5:Defetion of terms:
A- Smoking definition:
Smoking is the act of inhaling smoke, produced by the combustion of an element, through the mouth, usually of tobacco in a cigarette,´-or-pipe. Smoking often, especially cigarettes, which contain many toxic substances such as nicotine´-or-tar, is a proven health hazard. This results in different diseases, including those that are respiratory and cardiac in nature, which can lead to the death of the smoker. (17)
B- Smoking prevalence definition :
The smoking prevalence indicator estimates the age-standardize proportion of people age between (18-30 year´-or-more )who are current smokers (daily´-or-occasional cigarette smokers).
• Current smoker - daily smoker´-or-occasional smoker
• Daily smoker - smoking at least one cigarette per day
• Occasional smoker - does not have at least one cigarette per day .(18)
C- Determine the number of cigarettes definition :
A way to measure the amount a person has smoked over a long period of time. It is calculated by multiplying the number of packs of cigarettes smoked per day by the number of years the person has smoked. For example, 1 pack year is equal to smoking 1 pack per day for 1 year,´-or-2 packs per day for half a year, and so on.(19)
D- Technical Institute definition :
Technical Institute of Nasiriyah from scientific institutes and technological affiliated to the Technical Education and includes six sections including medical institute, namely the Department of Community Health and the Department of Nursing and administrative departments weakness department and accounting department and the Department of Administration Bureau of Computer systems as well as a distinguished technological two sections mechanical technology and electrical technology and contain Institute cadre of carried doctoral degrees, master s and bachelor s and others. The Institute has a significant role in participating in the province where he held various seminars within the institute´-or-the participation of employees of the institute in seminars and meetings at the county level as well as sports activities activities.(20) .
2- Review of literature:
Part I: Uncovering the effects of smoking historical perspective:
Tobacco was introduced into Europe from America at the end of the fifteenth century. At first used primarily for medicinal purposes it came to be burnt in pipes for pleasure on a large scale nearly 100 years later, at first in England and subsequently in Europe and throughout the world.(21)
Pipe smoking gave way to the use of tobacco as snuff and, in turn, to cigars and cigarettes at different times in different countries until cigarette smoking became the dominant form in most of the developed world between the two world wars Societies were formed to discourage smoking at the beginning of the century in several countries, but they had little success except in Germany where they were officially supported by the government after the Nazis seized power.(22)
In retrospect it can now be seen that medical evidence of the harm done by smoking has been accumulating for 200 years, at first in relation to cancers of the lip and mouth, and then in relation to vascular disease and cancer of the lung. The evidence was generally ignored until five case control studies relating smoking to the development of lung cancer were published in 1950. (23)
These stimulated much research, including the conduct of cohort studies, which by the late 1950s, were beginning to show that smoking was associated with the development of many other diseases as well.(24)
The interpretation that smoking caused these various diseases was vigorously debated for some years but came to be generally accepted in respect of lung cancer by the late 1950s and of many other diseases in the subsequent two decades. Cigarette smoking has now been found to be positively associated with nearly 4O diseases´-or-causes of death and to be negatively associated with eight´-or-nine more.(25)
In some instances the positive associations are largely´-or-wholly due to confounding, but the great majority have been shown to be causal in character. The few diseases negatively associated with smoking are for the most part rare´-or-nonfatal and their impact on disease incidence and mortality as a result of smoking is less than 1% of the excess of other diseases that are caused by smoking.(26)
The most recent observations show that continued cigarette smoking throughout adult life doubles age-specific mortality rates, nearly trebling them in late middle age. All the diseases related to smoking that cause large numbers of deaths should now have been discovered, but further nonfatal diseases may remain to be revealed by cohort studies that are able to link individuals morbidity data with their personal characteristics.(27)
Part II: Information about smoking:
Smoking is process where the burning material and which are often beyond tobacco and the smoke is tasted´-or-inhaled. This process takes place in the first place as an exercise for recreation through the use of drug as issued by the combustion of the active ingredient in the drug, such as nicotine, making it available for absorption through the lungs and can also be done as part of the rituals, to induce trances and spiritual enlightenment occur and there thousands of chemicals that affect the central nervous system and is the cigarette is the most common method of smoking at the moment, whether it is industrially produced cigarette´-or-hand-rolled from loose tobacco and rolling paper.(28)
There are other smoking tools includes pipes, cigars, hookahs, and Smoking is one of the most common forms manifestations of promoting the use of drugs. At present, tobacco is one of the most popular from of smoking and is practiced by more than a billion people in most human societies. (29)
A Less common from of smoking. Such us smoking hashish and opium forms. Most of the drugs that smoke is addictive. and some of material is classified as hard drugs such as heroin and cocaine steel. The use of these materials is it is commercially available. The history of smoking to the year 5000 BC, where he found in many different cultures around the world. (30)
Smoking has been necessary ancient religious ceremonies such as offerings to the gods, ritual cleansing,´-or-to speculation and spiritual enlightenment. European exploration and conquest spread rapidly. In regions such as India and Sub-Saharan Africa, it merged with tobacco smoking common operations in these countries, which is the most common lawn in Europe, smoking has introduced a new social activity and a form of drug use was not known before.(31)
Understand different ways of smoking over time and varied from one place to another, in terms of being sacred´-or-obscene, vulgar´-or-sophisticated, medicine in – tryak –´-or-risk to health.(32)
In recent time mainly in industrialized western countries, smoking has emerged as a negative a major risk factor for many diseases such as lung cancer, heart attacks, and can also cause birth defects. Proven health risks of smoking, has led to a lot of countries to impose high taxes on tobacco products, in addition to doing an annual anti-smoking campaigns in an attempt to curb tobacco smoking. The man must protect himself from destruction by following the tips and guidance specialist.(33)
Part III: secondhand smoke risks:
Secondhand smoke risk is the smoke that comes from the burning end of a cigarette ,or pipe . secondhand smoke also refer to smoke that is breathed out by a person who is smoking .Secondhand smoke also raises the risk of future coronary heart disease in children and teens because it:
1-damages heart tissue .
2-lower HDL cholesterol.
3-raises blood pressure The risks of secondhand smoke are especially high for premature babies who have respiratory distress syndrome and children who have conditions such as asthma. (34)
Cigar and pipe smoke risks :
Researches know less about how cigar and pipe smoke affects the heart and blood vessels than they do about cigarette smoke. However ,the smoke from cigars and pipes contains the same harmful chemicals as the smoke cigars are at increased risk of heart disease. (35)
Part IV: Etiology of the smoking:
Many researchers in the work of the studies on the causes of falling into smoking. We conclude which of the following reasons:
1 - Imitating parents: it has several studies that the odds of a son to smoke to rise by 70% in the case of whether the parent were smokers.
2-bad friends: student may smoke because they think it s cool´-or-their friends do it .Friends can be very convincing at getting other friends to smoke and the person may feel threatened by losing the relationship if he doesn’t take up smoking.
3- Family control weakness and disintegration : it has meat that the absence of the sergeant pay the teenager to commit an act that may harm not realize until it was too late.
4- Rising expense of children : for a reasonable degree ,the provider pays cash in the hands of a teenager to the beginning of tampering that cold end addiction.
5- Different psychological pressure.
6 – easy access to the (cigarette ) as well as easy to carry and hide.
7-in difference to the consequences of smoking , either to the low level of awareness and perception,´-or-an urgent desire to show manhood is complete wrong way. Increasing font size. (36)
Part V: Effect the age of smoking :
It has been assumed that a younger age at initiation of cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, but previous studies have not adjusted for two strong risk factors, the amount smoked and duration smoked. We used data from a population-based case-control study with 282 histologically confirmed lung cancer cases matched to 3,282 random controls to determine whether age at initiation of smoking plays an independent role in the occurrence of lung cancer. After controlling for age, sex, and amount of tobacco exposure, men who began to smoke before age 20 had a substantially higher risk of developing lung cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 12.7 95% confidence interval (CI) = 6.39-25.2] compared with men who began smoking at age 20´-or-older (OR = 6.03 95% CI = 2.82-12.9). For women, the heavy increase in risk continued until age 25 (OR = 9.97 95% CI = 4.68-21.2) compared with women who began smoking at age 26´-or-older (OR = 2.58 95% CI = 0.53-12.4). There was no predisposition toward a specific histologic type of lung cancer. In this study, up to 52.4% of lung cancer cases in men and up to 73.0% of lung cancer cases in women could be attributed to this effect of early age of first smoking.(37)
Part VI: Effect of smoking among rural-to-urban students:
In recent years there has been a renewal of interest in geographic characteristics within public health, particularly in the areas of international health and community development. Past research has documented a difference between urban and rural health care, usually expressed in terms of healthcare access and utilization, cost, and geographic distribution of providers and services.(1) Recently, however, a new research focus has begun to -dir-ect its attention toward differences in population health, public health, environmental health, and the differences between urban and rural health behaviors. (38)
By utilizing a framework that examines determinants of health, researchers can identify environment-specific factors that may contribute to different health outcomes for urban and rural residents. This focus on the environmental and social determinants of health has accompanied a rapid change in rates of urban populations across the world. The rapid urbanization of the 20th century reflects changes in global political, economic, and social forces.(2) Thus, the health of urban populations has changed as cities have evolved. As more people worldwide live in cities, it is imperative to understand how urban living affects population health.(39)
This research deals with first the determinants of smoking in urban areas versus rural contexts and then identifies many emerging problems resulting from rapid urbanization. This study indicated that most of the students (82.5%) were living in urban areas.(40)
Part VII : effect the Economic Status of the smoking :
The damage economic smoking it is easy recognized in the areas of land distributed trees al tobacco ,and in the factories that build for cigareting manufacturing , operating and hands that are working with does not work and the money spent to buy cigarettes , health and the damage suffered by smoker and a reflection on the level the performance of its work and the smoker consumes part of his time in cigarette smoking and can cause through his cigarette in bringing about fires in his workplace in general.(50)
the social harm of smoking , it may be small for these people excel physically those low income , smoking depletes part of their daily income´-or-monthly , which affects the rest of the expenditure items of the family , and so chubb families´-or-poor families in the community , and with increase weak society as a whole and society movement is going backwards.(51)
And smoking kills, because the person is a smoker decreases old and this depends on the number of cigarettes smoked per day the period continues his smoking and this mated studies and scientific research conducted on smokers(52)
The benefits of giving up smoking:
1 - longer life.
2 - Increased physical fitness.
3 - the sweetest skin and wrinkles and less wrinkled.
4 –( look better) the lack of nicotine patches.
5 - becomes smell better to others.
6 - your food taste better.(53)
3- Methodology:
3-1:design of the study:
A de-script-ive study was carried out through the present investigation in order to achieve the objects of the present study from 8 / dec / 2015 to 5 / May / 2016.
3-2:sample selection:
Selecting a random sample of male students at the technical institute in the city of Nasiriyah / Iraq.
The sample of the study include :
3-4-1-inclusion criteria are :male students.
3-4-2-exclusion criteria are :females , Professors and Workers at the institute.
3-3:The study instrument:
a questionnaire was designed and constructed by the researcher to measure the variable. such a construction was employed through the review literature and related studies .
the questionnaire consisted of 2 axis:
AXIS I:
A demographic information sheet, consisted (5)items and (15) sub-items which included items (Age, Section, Phase, Living, Economic situation) Those items related and scored as choose a suitable answer.
AXIS II:
Questions about the prevalence of smoking consists of (10)items and (26) sub-items which included items( Are you a smoker, The number of years of smoking, The number of cigarettes per day Alkali, Are you a single parent smokers, What are the reasons to fall in smoking, Smoking Type, If you have previously smoked. What are the factors that help to quit smoking, Do you know the dangers of smoking, Do you want to quit smoking and Do you want to quit smoking if yes, what is the alternative in your opinion.
3-4 validity and reliability :
1-validity of the study instruments :it is to investigation the clarity , relevance and adequancy of the questionnaire.(experts)
2-reliability: Check the reliability through the pilot study.
The content validity for the early constructed instrument is determined through a panel of experts to investigate the content of questionnaire for clarity and adequacy in order to achieve the objectives of the present study.A preliminary questionnaire was designed and presented to (3) experts for the determination of its validity, these experts were (3) faculties members from the college of nursing of university of thi- Qar.
the questionnaire was appropriately designed and constructed expect for modifications which were recommended.
3-5 pilot study:
A purposive sample of(20) student .
Pilot study conducted from 8/dec/2015 to 14/dec /2015, the study had attempted to reach the following objectives:
1-To identify the barriers that may be encountered during the study process.
2- To measure the reliability of the questionnaire.
3- To settle on the average time required for the data collection.
4- To obtain the clarity and the content adequacy of the questions.
3-6 Reliability of the questionnaire:
The internal consistency reliability is determined through computing Cornbach s alpha as follow
Table. Study Instrument Reliability
Reliability Coefficients Questionnaire Standard lower bound Actual values Assessment
Method of Reliability Alpha (Cronbach) 0.70 0.84 Pass
The following statistical data analysis approach (test-retest) by using (SPSS- ver.19) were used in order to analyze and assess the data of the study.
3-7 Data collection:
The data were collected for the present study through the utilization on the study instrument and employment and employment of scheduled interview as means of data collection.
The data collection process was performed from 8/dec/2015 to 12/Jan/ 2016. Interview by questionnaire took a proximately a range from (5-10) minutes for each student who attended in Technical Institute in Nasiriyah / Iraq.
3-8 Data analysis:
The data were analyzed using manual method:
1- De-script-ive analysis which include (frequency, percentage, cumulative percent).
-frequency = (f)
Frequency
-percentage % = _______________x100
Sample size
2-infrenatial analysis which include (test – retest , person correlation).
n∑ XY-(∑X) (∑Y)
r =
[n∑X2- (∑) )2 ][n∑Y2- (∑y) 2]
r= the correlation coefficient of the variables x &y.
n= number of cases.
x=an individual s score of variable X
y= an individual s score of variable Y
∑= the summation of.
4- Analysis of data and result:
Table (1): Distribution of the sample according to Demographic data
Cumulative percentage (%) F Age No
34.5 34.5 69 18-20 years 1
88.0 53.5 107 21-23 years 2
96.0 8.0 16 24-26 years 3
98.0 2.0 4 27-29 years 4
100.0 2.0 4 30 years and more 5
100.0 200 Total
Cumulative percentage (%) F Department
27.5 27.5 55 Medical 1
45.5 18.0 36 Technological 2
100.0 54.5 109 Administrative 3
100.0 200 Total
Cumulative percentage (%) F Stage
23.0 23.0 46 First 1
100.0 77.0 154 Second 2
100.0 200 Total
Cumulative Percent
(%) F Economic status
53.0 53.0 106 Sufficient 1
91.0 38.0 76 Barley sufficient 2
100.0 9.0 18 Insufficient 3
100.0 200 Total
Cumulative Percent (%) F Residential area
Cumulative Percent (%) F Residential area
82.5 82.5 165 Urban 1
100.0 17.5 35 Rural 2
100.0 200 Total
F=frequency
Percentage= (%)
This table shows that 53.5 % of the subjects belong the age group (21-23). 54.5 % of them are administrative department. 77 % of them are second stage. their monthly income sufficient (53%) .The majority of them (82.5%) live in urban areas.
Table (2): Distribution of the subjects according to their prevalence of smoking
Cumulative Percent (%) F Are you Smoker No
25.0 25.0 50 Yes 1
92.5 67.5 135 No 2
100.0 7.5 15 Previously 3
100.0
200
Total
Cumulative Percent (%) F Type of smoking
67.5 67.5 135 No smokers 1
95.0 27.5 55 Cigarette 2
100.0 5.0 10 Argali 3
100.0 200 Total
Cumulative Percent
(%)
F
The number of cigarettes per day
67.5 67.5 135 No smokers 1
72.5 5.0 10 No cigarette 2
87.5 15.0 30 1-10 3
95.0 7.5 15 11-20 4
100.0 5.0 10 more than 20 5
100.0 200 Total
Cumulative Percent (%) F The number of argali per day
67.5 67.5 135 No smokers 1
95.0 27.5 55 No argali 2
98.0 3.0 6 one argali 3
100.0 2.0 4 two argali 4
100.0 200 Total
Cumulative Percent (%) F The number of years of smoking
67.5 67.5 135 No smokers 1
77.5 10.0 20 Less than year 2
100.0 22.5 45 1-2 years 3
100.0 200 Total
Cumulative Percent (%) F Are you one parent smokers
67.5 67.5 135 No smokers 1
77.5 10.0 20 No parent smokers 2
100.0 22.5 45 Father 3
100.0
200
Total
Cumulative Percent
(%)
F
what causes that do you to smoking
67.5 67.5 135 No smokers 1
91.0 23.5 47 bad friend 2
95.0 4.0 8 Virility 3
100.0 5.0 10 Ignorance 4
100.0 200 Total
Cumulative Percent (%) F If you have previously smoked, what are the factors that helped you quit smoking
67.5 67.5 135 No smokers 1
75.0 7.5 15 Health 2
100.0 25.0 50 Continuous of smoking 3
100.0 200 Total
Cumulative Percent (%) F Do you know the risks of smoking
67.5 67.5 135 No smokers 1
97.5 30.0 60 Yes 2
100.0 2.5 50 No 3
100.0 200 Total
Cumulative Percent (%) F Do you want to quit smoking
67.5 67.5 135 No smokers 1
75.0 7.5 15 Previously 2
87.5 12.5 25 Yes 3
100.0 12.5 25 No 4
100.0 200 Total
Cumulative Percent
(%)
F
what alternative of smoking
67.5 67.5 135 No smokers 1
75.0 7.5 15 Previously 2
80.0 5.0 10 Found 3
100.0 20.0 40 No found 4
100.0 200 Total
F=frequency
Percentage= (%)
This table shows their 25% of the subjects smokers and 7.5% previously smokers. 27.5% of them cigarette . The majority of them smokers 1-10 cigarettes per day 15% and one argali 3%. 22.5 % of the subjects smokers 1-2 years . 22.5 % father smoker. 23.5% bad friends causes that do you to smoking. 15% health factors that helped quit smoking. The majority of them know the risks of smoking 30%. They have a desire to stop smoking and no desire to stop smoking equally 12.5%.
Table(3): Correlation coefficient between demographic data include (age, department, stage, residence and monthly income) and smoking, and Correlation coefficient between Number cigarette and Smokers years.
Correlation Age Department Stage residence Income Number cigarette Smokers years
Age 1 .106 .153* .013 .052 .006 .127
Department .106 1 .308** .069 .033 447**. .023
Stage .153* .308** 1 -.061- .032 203**. -.138-
Residence .013 .069 -.061- 1 .069 411**. .012
Income .052 .033 .032 .069 1 -.074- -.042-
Number cigarette
.006 447**. .203**. 411**. -.074- 1 447**
Smokers years
.127 .023 -.138- .012 -.042- .447** 1
Factors helped quit smoking -.075- 038 015 078- .071 -.411-** -.766-**
Do you know the risks of smoking .075 .001 -.203-** .003 -.071- .411** .766**
**correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
* correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
This table shows that there is a strong positive relationship between Number cigarette and (department, stage and residence of students ) ,also strong positive relationship between Smokers years and (Number cigarette and know the risks of smoking), a strong positive relationship between (stage and department),a moderate positive relationship between (Age and stage)and no relationship between the remaining variables.
5- Discussion of the study results :
Part I: Distribution of the sample according to Demographic data and subjects according to their prevalence of smoking .
Our current study agrees with the study of Sporner,et al, 2007 which is supportive evidence that age , type of department (department administrative) , monthly income and urban areas are effect of smoking . That 53.5 % of the subjects belong the age group (21-23). 54.5 % of them are administrative department. 77 % of them are second stage. their monthly income sufficient (53%) .The majority of them (82.5%) live in urban areas. The study supported with the study of Daley L, et al 2005 which is supportive evidence that type of smoking , number of cigarettes per day and bad friends causes that do you to smoking. Their 25% of the subjects smokers and 7.5% previously smokers. 27.5% of them cigarette . The majority of them smokers 1-10 cigarettes per day 15% and one argali 3%. 22.5 % of the subjects smokers 1-2 years . 22.5 % father smoker. 23.5% bad friends causes that do you to smoking. 15% health factors that helped quit smoking. The majority of them know the risks of smoking 30%. They have a desire to stop smoking and no desire to stop smoking equally 12.5.
Part II: Discussion the Correlation coefficient between demographic data include (age, department, stage, residence and monthly income) and smoking, and Correlation coefficient between Number cigarette and Smokers years.
Similar results were observed in the study by Horgan O, MacLachlan M ,2004 On statistical analysis, that there is a strong positive relationship between Number cigarette and (department, stage , residence and location of students ) ,also strong positive relationship between Smokers years and (Number cigarette and know the risks of smoking)
1- The administrative department contain large numbers of male students and not Opportunity for employment after study end. 2- The presence of night cafes and gymnasiums in addition to the existing openness in the city helps young people to the practice of smoking over the countryside.
3- Increasing the years of smoking do to the addictive and thus the smoker feels he needs to nicotine more years with the increase in smoking.
6- conclusion And Recommendation:
CONCLUSION: A-
According to the present study findings , the investigators has been able to make the following conclusions:
1-The present study showed that the percentage of smokers among university students in the city of Nasiriyah reached (25%).
2-The results showed that most smokers of the inhabitants of the cities, Administrative Sections / second stage students .
3- The study also showed (12.5%) of students do not want to quit smoking.
B- RECOMMENDATION:
According to the results of the study the researchers recommended that:
1-Implementation of decisions issued by the official authorities Judge banning smoking in universities.
2-Dissemination of religious culture to strengthen religious faith when students.
3-Action guideway and cultural programs that-limit- the phenomenon of smoking.
Publish media awareness of the seriousness of smoking and harming. 4-
5-Activating the role of anti-smoking associations in universities.
6-Limiting the spread of hookah in restaurants and parks prelude "to prevent it in the future.
7-Articles, interviews, seminars and competitions carried out by the committees and associations related.
8-Action posters, explaining the damage of smoking and the right of non-smokers smoke-free atmosphere.
9-The importance of the role of the family and the educational institutions in raising awareness and reducing the prevalence of smoking.
10-Work to find programs and activities for the exploitation of leisure time to unload the excess energy of youth and -dir-ect them.
11-Parents urged smokers to refrain from smoking indoors and near children.
12- Monitor cafes and galleries Alalab scattered in cities and work to prevent smoking in, and shut down early times that night (under the supervision of the competent authorities such as the Ministry of Interior .
13-Work on finding jobs for graduates and graduates in particular boroughs.
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